Essay on Lasers in Surgery - 1776 Words

Lasers in Surgery Abstract: The laser is gaining increasing popularity in the medical field because of its broad application, efficiency, and improvement in overall ease of the procedures in which it is used.. The laser can treat an enormous range of ailments. The chronic nighttime snorer can give those around him relief by a simple procedure with the laser. In dermatology, the laser can be used for removing moles, tattoos, birthmarks, treating wrinkles, and possibly destroying skin cancer. The once dreaded trips to the dentist may become less painful since the laser is helping to replace the drill and Novocain. The laser also is becoming increasingly popular in orthopedics for treating shoulder, knee, and back†¦show more content†¦Laser usage is becoming increasingly varied and diverse. Laser surgery can be used to help stop the noise of a person who habitually snores when sleeping. Many times snoring is related to the physical obstruction of breathing during sleep. When the muscles of the palate, the uvula (membrane which hangs down in the middle of the soft palate), and the tonsils relax during sleep, they vibrate and cause loud noises. If snoring is the result of obstructive breathing and not something like a cold or allergic rhinitis, laser surgery can help eliminate it. Snoring is a serious problem when individuals have periods of time with completely obstructed breathing which is called sleep apnea. It can be fatal if the individuals do not breathe for over 20 seconds. Also, the lower oxygen levels present cause the person to have a lighter level of sleep so when they wake up, they are not thoroughly rested and may have the tendency to easily fall asleep. During Laser-Assisted Uvula Palatoplasty (LAUP), the procedure to eliminate snoring, a doctor removes the excess tissue of the palate and uvula. Therefore, the blockage of air going in and out of the throat is minimized, causing fewer vibrations and less noise. The procedure is performed in three ten minute visits to the doctor under local anesthesia. Generally,Show MoreRelated The Eye And Laser Eye Surgery Essay3092 Words   |  13 Pageseyes creating two separate images, while the ability to adapt to light change is attributed to the iris and the dilator muscles. However these two aspects of the eye are not involved in laser eye surgery and will not be discussed in reference. The focusing of objects and images is very much part of laser eye surgery. In order for a clear visual image to be formed the image must come to a point on the retina. Light rays do not normally travel toward each other, usually the light rays either travel outwardsRead MoreMinimally Invasive Robotic Lase r Surgery in 20283254 Words   |  14 PagesSurgery has been around for thousands of years. Ever since man has felt pain, man has looked to surgery for relief. It started as a crude hole in the skull, and has evolved into techniques using lasers and robots. One cutting-edge present technology that this paper will explore is the da Vinci Surgical Robotic System [1], which is being used at Johns Hopkins [2]. This system performs minimally invasive cardiac surgery; it makes the cuts more precise and saves lives. In the future, robotic surgeryRead MoreOral And Dental Implant Surgery Biomodulated With Laser Therapy : A Split Mouth Study2073 Words   |  9 PagesTitle Page Title: Postoperative Pain in Dental Implant Surgery Biomodulated with Laser Therapy: A Split Mouth Study Running title: Pain in laser biomodulated dental implant surgery keywords: Laser – biomodulation – biostimulation – pain – implant Authors: Ali Fahd1, Mushira Dahaba2, Mohamed Khalifa3, Hanaa El-Shenawy4 and Yousef Abd-ElGhaffar5 1, Assistant lecturer, Oral and maxillofacial Radiology department, Faculty of oral and dental medicine, South Valley University, Egypt 2, Professor, OralRead MoreThe Clinic Coordinator And Optometric Physician Of The Pacific Cataract And Laser Institute Essay1040 Words   |  5 Pagescoordinator and optometric physician of the Pacific Cataract and Laser Institute (PCLI) office in Spokane, Washington. A special surgical team, which includes seven surgeons, comes to the Spokane clinic to perform laser vision correction surgeries known as LASIK and other eye surgeries weekly. There are a total of 11 PCLI clinics throughout the northwestern United States that the surgical team cover. Competition from Lexington Laser Vision (LLV) in Vancouver, Canada, is charging lower rates andRead MoreOptical Devices : Laser Vision Correction1266 Words   |  6 Pageseyes (Sandner, 2009). One of these optical devices/processes is laser vision correction. For most people with vision problems, this brand of surgery looks very appealing to them, which can decrease or even eliminate dependency on glasses and contact lenses (Sandner, 2009). However, there are also risks that come along with them, and those risks can be very dangerous. Background Research Types of Refractive Eye Surgery Laser vision correction consists of different types including, but notRead MoreUse Of Laser Image Of Medical Engineering Application And Its Harmful Effect On Human Eye1506 Words   |  7 Pagesanalysis of laser image in medical Engineering application and its harmful effect on human eye Wavelengths of commercially available lasers. Laser types with distinct laser lines are shown above the wavelength bar, while below are shown lasers that can emit in a wavelength range. The height of the lines and bars gives an indication of the maximal power/pulse energy commercially available, while the color codifies the I. Introduction Fig1. Laser effect on eye Laser stand for LightRead MoreThe Human Papiloma Virus1022 Words   |  4 Pagesof age, the diagnosis is made by inspection of the larynx. The goals of treatment are debulking, improvement of the voice and remission of the papillomas2. Pediatric patients require multiple treatments, most commonly with the CO2 LASER. Anaesthesia for laser surgery in children presents some unique challenges to the anaesthesiologist2. Not only are there the problems of a potentially difficult airway to contend with depending on what condition the patient is having treated and any concomitantRead MoreOverview of LASIK Eye Surgery1376 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿LASIK EYE SURGERY Introduction Laser-assisted in situ Keratomileusis (LASIK) eye surgery is a popular form of elective out-patient surgery that enables individuals with poor eyesight to recover improved vision, ideally, so that they can discard their glasses and contact lenses altogether (Hellemans Bunch, 2006). In principle, LASIK consists of a procedure in which a laser is used to reshape the lens of the eye. It works because the majority of cases of poor vision result from refractive problemsRead MoreThe Basics On Corrective Eye Surgery1604 Words   |  7 Pagescorrective eye surgery Before contact lenses finally became popular in the 50’s, eyeglasses had been the only practical way to correct refraction vision errors. Now however, there are several modern ways when it comes to correcting vision problems including corrective eye surgery. Corrective eye surgery ranges from laser reshaping of the eye surface known as LASIK and PRK to a surgically inserted artificial lens that corrects the eyesight. Within LASIK and other such similar procedures, laser energy reshapesRead MoreDefects to the Eye1277 Words   |  5 Pagesenvironmentally. Whether you believe in them is your own decision. Fortunately there are many different procedures that can be done to the eye to help you see clearly. Some say that laser eye surgery is a sure fire way of fixing your vision, others say that it is complete rubbish. The article will explain why laser eye surgery is not an effective way to fix your eye. To prove this statement let’s start from the three eye defects Myopia , Glaucoma and Cataracts. What is Myopia? Myopia is a defect within

How World War II Contributed The End Of The Great Depression

How World War II Contributed to the End of the Great Depression The Great Depression can be considered the true test of American resilience. Americans faced many adversities and struggled to make it through each day. The Great Depression did not begin on one single day, but was something that had been stirring for many months prior. The day of the stock market crash, October 29, 1929, everything came to head and from that day on America was thrust into a terrible economic depression which would take over 10 years to recover from (Gitlin 58). The economic depression did not occur overnight but was series of events which accumulated in the recession of the economy. Once America entered World War I, it was thrust into a time of prosperity, but as the end of war came closer so did an end to the good times (Gitlin 8). Soldiers were coming home expecting to collect the benefits of the war, which everybody else had received but instead were faced with the prospect of being unemployed and th e start of the economy s downfall. The problem was although the war was over, the mass productions still continued to flood the market. Producers continued to manufacture goods at wartime levels, leading to a surplus of products in circulation and thus forcing the prices to drop (George 14). The time after World War I became known as one of the most difficult times in American history. Many Americans were unemployed and struggled to provide for their families. But on September 1, 1939, GermanyShow MoreRelatedEssay on Aftermath of Wwi Leads to Wwii1131 Words   |  5 PagesAftermath of WWI Leads to WWII Prior to the First World War, Europe was the world center of industry and capital. Massive death, destruction, and resentment after World War I left most countries unable to recover to a normal existence and damaged the world economy. The economic collapse and the political instability caused by World War I eventually led to the rise of fascism in Europe. Forceful dictators in Italy, Germany, and Japan took advantage of these problems to seize power by territorialRead MoreWorld War Ii And The United States Economy. When People1296 Words   |  6 PagesWorld War II and the United States Economy   Ã‚  Ã‚   When people think about World War II, they normally associate it with Hitler, genocide, the Great Depression, the Cold War, and other negative things; however, there were some positive impacts it had on the United States. Economically, the United States and other countries around the world were devastated by the crashing of the stock market. Unemployment rate was at a high point, Hitler was gaining control of Europe, and we were trying to remain isolationistsRead MoreThe Great Depression Of America1727 Words   |  7 PagesThe Great Depression in America is often believed to have ended when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbour and the US entered WWII in December 1941. However, while an exact end date is a matter of debate, it’s obvious the end of the Great Depression correlates somewhat with the beginning of the war, leading many to believe WWII must have ended the Great Depression and triggered the economic recovery of the United States. Many historians believe t hat the government and military spending restimulatedRead More America During WWII Essay1616 Words   |  7 Pagesgain equality, the decades-long Cold War that followed the peace, and the ending of the most severe economic crisis in American history; to say nothing of the fact that Pearl Harbor undeniably served as the impetus for American involvement in World War II. All of these occurrences either may not have transpired, or at the very least been significantly slower in their arrival without the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the entry of the U.S. into World War II. Though often times in the collectiveRead MoreNotes Chapter 21 WWI1292 Words   |  6 Pagesconsider the repercussions of nationalism and colonialism in Europe and Japan †¢ To increase student awareness of the effects of the two world wars †¢ To help students imagine the appeal of totalitarian movements in the twentieth century KEY TERMS: blitzkrieg: German term meaning â€Å"lightning war,† used to describe Germany’s novel military tactics in World War II, which involved the rapid movement of infantry, tanks, and airpower over large areas. (pron. BLITS-kreeg) European Economic Community: TheRead MoreHow Isolationism Is A Part Of American Policy1602 Words   |  7 PagesFarewell Address in 1796 and lasting to the end of World War II. Factors like thousands of miles of sea between the US and Europe, fear of entangling alliances and a desire to remain autonomous contributed to the overall isolationist sentiment of many Americans. In addition, nativist sentiment has been present throughout American history as a product of isolationism and, among other factors, wage depression and fear of criminal behavior. During World War I, European countries were not only fightingRead MoreThe Great Depression : History1409 Words   |  6 Pages The Great Depression Suzette Toliver HIS205 Contemporary World History Belhaven University - Houston Cause The Great Depression has been labeled as the worst economic depression in the United States History. â€Å"On September 3, 1929, the Dow Jones was at a high of 381 points, and on October 29, 1929, it had fallen to 41 points after a week of panic selling.† http://thegreatdepressioncauses.com/causes/. Things started to become unstable as many people were getting rid of their stock. BanksRead MoreAnalysis Of Roosevelt s Big Stick 1521 Words   |  7 Pagesresources for future generations? - Americans discovered that harming their environment was only going to cause them chaos, they knew that they had came a long way with nature by their side and with the constructions of all the factories Americans saw how the smoke and the factory waste was harming the environment. Animals were close to being extinct and Americans saw that this could not benefit the US in any way therefore causing the environmental movements. The Americans knew the need to preserve theRead MoreEssay on Economic Problems of the Great Depression664 Words   |  3 Pages there was a period of economic depression. The United States and its citizens were greatly affected. There were many economic problems that occurred such as unemployment rate rising tremendously and many more. Herbert Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt were presidents during that time and dealt with the economic problems. They helped create programs to financially stabilize the country again. The Great Depression ended when the United States entered World War II. The collapse of the stock marketRead MoreThe s Changing Period Of All Time Essay1600 Words   |  7 PagesPeriod of All Time 1910s: WWI World War I began in 1914 when the Archduke of Austria was assassinated. â€Å"The murder of Franz Ferdinand is accepted by historians as the immediate cause of World War One.† (Historylearningsite.co.uk) â€Å"The British Empire is also dragged into the conflict and the war in Europe starts to expand across the globe.† (BBC) Worldwide war, then began to take over as Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire (Central Powers) turned against Great Britain, Russia, Italy, France

Evaluation of Macroeconomic Performance Australia †Free Sample

Question: Discuss about the Evaluation of Macroeconomic Performance Australia. Answer: Introduction According to the article posted in The Economic Times Macroeconomics is the branch of economics that studies the behaviour and performance of an economy as a whole. It focuses on the aggregate changes in the economy such as unemployment, growth rates, gross domestic product, and inflation. From the given statement one can easily understand that macroeconomics acts as the method to analyse all of the gross indicators as well as the microeconomic components that affect the economy. In the contemporary economy, Macroeconomics models have become an indispensable tool for Government as well as corporations in the formulation of economic policies, strategies and decision making. Today, Australia is one of the richest Asia-Pacific nations and has enjoyed more than two decades of economic augmentation. Australia is one of the country which is internationally advanced and forward country regarding its services, technologies, and high value-added manufactured goods. According to the Australian Economy, the economic growth of Australia has grown 2.4% till the evaluation done on 7th May 2017. All the information are clear from the pictures above. Overall, Macroeconomics consist of list of piece of economic data of macro scale which are used by analysts to interpret and finalize present or future the overall health of the economy. The economic indicators include Gross Domestic Product(GDP), Inflation rate, Unemployment rate, Exchange rate, Interest rate, Balance of trades, Fiscal and Monetary policy, and the Consumer Price Index (CPI). The Key Macroeconomic Indicators Gross Domestic Growth Rates (GDP) The measure of aggregate output in the national income accounts in national income is gross domestic product. The calculation of GDP in Australia is made by Australian Bureau of Statistics which makes two types of revisions one quarterly and other one annually. There are two types of GDP namely nominal GDP and real GDP. Nominal GDP sum of the quantities of final goods produced times their current price whereas real GDP is constructed as the sum of the quantities of the final goods time constant prices. Source: (Trading Economics, 2017). The above picture shows the evolution of annual GDP of Australias economy from January 2014 where we can find that the growth rate is higher in 2016 but them GDP of Australia has not changed its status from recession interrupted by short recessions over few years. The figure shows the series of expansions that Australian economy has gone through. The average growth rate from January 2014 to January 2017 is 2.7. As we know that GDP is an important number which reflects the economic size of the country. Australia has a good economic condition till date followed by the good GDP growth rate. Inflation Rate The inflation rate is known as the rate at which the price level increases. Inflation affects economy both positive and negative ways. If inflation increase the increase opportunity cost which may lead to discouragement in investment and savings. Positive effect is that it central banks get chance to adjust interest rate to stabilize the economy and reducing unemployment due to nominal wage rigidity. Source: (RBA, 2017). The inflation rate of Australia is decreasing comparing to past few years till date .According to the recent reviews from researchers of the UBS economics team Australias inflation to the US, Canada, and Europe it is typically 1 percent faster in almost every sector on an annualized basis. This statement proves that Australia has less competitive market structures in comparison to other developed countries such as America, Canada, and Europe over the best part of few years. Unemployment Rates Unemployment rate can be defined as the ratio of the number of unemployed people to the total number of people in labour force. The unemployment rates is directly proportional to the number of people who are unemployed, larger the unemployed peoples number larger the unemployment rate. Source: (ABS, 2017). The above figure reflects that the unemployment rate in 2016 has reached to 6 per cent whereas previous year it was 5.5 percent. The reason behind the increase in unemployment rate maybe the high number of human resource but less job opportunity available. Unemployment rate indicates whether an economy is operating above or below its normal level of activity. Unemployment has important social consequences. Lower unemployment rates is also a problem as it shows that the economy not using some of its human resource efficiently. Foreign Exchange Rates Exchange rate is regarded as the value of one countrys currency in relation to another countrys currency. In foreign exchange rates, the price of unit of domestic currency is expressed in terms of the foreign currency. Foreign currency rate has base currency, in the case of Australia and many other countries they use US dollars as their base currency. The exchange rate fluctuation have compositional effects, causing some industries to expand whereas some to shrink. The depreciation in Australian dollar encourages the utilization of domestic goods as imported goods becomes expensive. A lower exchange rates also makes Australian exports more competitive as exported goods and services become cheaper in foreign currency terms. From the graphs above we can find that the exchange rate of Australia is different from year to year but in past few years, it has been low. As per the last record made 0.7 was the exchange rate of Australia. Interest Rate An interest rate is the cost of borrowing money. The variation in interest rate affects many industries, but the real estate and banking are the most affected area among them. When the interest rate rises loan taking becomes more expensive, loan products gets affected whereas negative impact in residential real estate prices occurs. The low-interest rate is the symptoms for falling inflation. The interest rates in Australia is decreasing in best few years which leads to cheaper borrowing, encourage spending and investment, due to this, there will be high aggregate demand and economic growth which is good from the economic prospects of the country. If interest rate declines than it will also depreciate the exchange rates. Balance of Trade (BOT) BOT is a statistical tool that aids in understanding the relative strength of a countrys economy comparing to other countries economy and the flow of trade between nations. In another word, it can also be defined as the difference between countrys imports and its exports for the given period of time. A country which imports more of its goods and services than its export than it has trade deficit. Alternatively, if the country exports more goods and services than the goods and services they imports, it has a trade surplus. By subtracting the credit items such as exports, foreign investments in domestic economy to import items such as imports, foreign aid, domestic investment abroad we will know either it is trade deficit or trade surplus for a given country in given period of time. Source: (Trading Economics, 2017). The graphs above clearly shows that the trade surplus of Australia has 0.55 billion from the previous years as the export rose less than imports in 2017. In February 2017 Australias trade surplus jumped to the second highest level on the record. Consumer Price Index (CPI) Primarily, CPI is a statistical estimate that analyses the prices of a basic commodities within a nation. Mainly, it is obtained by calculating changes in the price of selected commodities. Thus, any changes in the CPI reflects changes in prices in the economy associated with the cost of living. It is worth pointing out that the level of CPI in Australia has been rising substantially over the past few years. In the first quarter of this year, the CPI increased to 110.50 index points, compared to the 110 index points recorded in the fourth quarter of last year (Australian Government, 2017). Since 1950 until now, the average level of CPI is estimated at 43.20 index points. During this period, the highest CPI level is the 110.50 index points experienced in the first quarter of this year (Trading Economics, 2017). Contrariwise, the lowest CPI was attained in 1950 at 4.20 index points (ABS, 2017). Fiscal and Monetary Policy Fiscal policy in Australia In economics, fiscal policy pertains to the use of government revenue collection in form taxes and government spending in the form of public expenditures to influence the aggregate economy. Predominantly, fiscal policy in Australia is undertaken by the Australian government, through the congress. Keynesian economics suggest that changes in the level of spending and taxation results in changes in the aggregate demand of the economy as well as stimulates economic activity in the aggregate economy. Fundamentally, the development and implementation of fiscal policy in the country is compliant to the Charter of Budget Honesty Act 1998 (RBA, 2017). Notably, this act imposes a formal obligation on the state to formulate and report its medium-term fiscal strategies. It is imperative to note that the Australian government uses expansionary fiscal policy to stimulate the economy during times of reduced growth. On the other hand, it uses contractionary policies to slow the level of economic growth if the economy is experiencing excess growth. Imperatively, induced changes in the composition and degree of government spending and taxation in Australia affects various macroeconomic variables, among them the aggregate demand, savings, investments and the degree of income distribution. Normally, when the government believes that there is not enough business activity and spending in the economy, it induces a stimulus spending by increasing the amount it spends. In the same way, if the tax receipts from the public are low, the government issues debt securities in the form of government bonds and treasury bills. Alternatively, instead of issuing government bonds and accumulating debt, the government also increases the level of taxes in the country. By doin g so, the Australian government is able to pull money out of the economy and raise its revenue. According to Carmignani (2013), the Australian economy exhibits a counter-cyclical stance in its fiscal policy. He suggests that this countercyclical stance of the Australian fiscal policy has been beneficial for the achievement of macroeconomic objectives such as the stabilization of the economy and long term growth. As such, there is a direct link between the countrys fiscal policy and cyclical stability. For this reason, it is noteworthy that the fiscal policy conducted by the Australian government plays a significant role in influencing the level of economic activity to influence growth and stability in the economy. Monetary policy in Australia According to the Reserve Bank of Australia, monetary policy refers to the actions of the countrys central bank that aim at achieving macroeconomic policy objectives within the economy. Predominantly, monetary policy in the country is exclusively conducted by the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA). Today, the monetary policy decisions in the country are executed through changes in the cash rate. Mainly, this involves alterations in the level of interest rate on loans (RBA, 2017). Consequently, this rate affects other interest rates in the country, thereby influencing the general behavior of lenders and borrowers and inflation rates. For this reason, changes in the countrys monetary policy means alterations in the target for the cash rate, which causes an alteration in the interest rate system that prevails in the entire economic system. In determining and setting the countrys monetary policy, the RBA has an obligation to preserve full employment, price stability, as well as facilitate economic welfare for the people of Australia. Thus, in order to realize these objectives, the monetary authority sets an inflation target that aims at preserving the level of inflation in the nation at around 2-3 percent, over the short and medium term (RBA, 2017). Essentially, this inflation rate is appropriately low that it does not lead to the distortions in the economy. Typically, controlling the level of inflation preserves the value of the countrys currency and inspires robust and sustainable growth within the country over the long run period. In addition to this, the monetary authority utilizes instruments such as open market operations (OMO), selective credit, moral suasion and reserve requirements to influence the aggregate economy. Primarily, it uses the OMO to keep the cash rate as closer to the goal set by the Board. Mainly, this is achieved through the management of supply of funds available to the bank in money market (Dolamore, n.d.). Basically, to raise the level of money supply, the RBA purchases government securities from commercial banks, thereby achieving expansionary results in the economy. In contrast, in order to achieve contractionary measures, the central bank sells government securities to commercial banks and mops up excess money supply from the economy. Subsequently, this helps in managing the degree of interest rates and inflation in Australia by controlling the supply of money that is available for banks in the financial market. Results and Recommendations Generally, the Australian economy has been performing well. The economy has strived to maintain robust economic growth levels while maintaining relatively low inflation rates. However, the level of unemployment in the country remains high. Long term unemployment and youth unemployment has become a constant economic problem in Australia. For this reason, the government should step up and initiate mechanisms that will help increase the level of employment in the economy. Firstly, the government may use expansionary monetary policies to reduce the interest rates in the country through the RBA. Characteristically, a decrease in interest rate level in the economy will result in an increase in investment activity, which in turn will stimulate the aggregate demand. Consequently, an increase in aggregate demand will increase the demand for labor to meet the new demand. As a result, the rate of employment in the economy will rise. In addition, the government should try to reduce the level of Consumer Price Index in the country by maintaining price stability. By and large, a continued rise in the CPI level in the country can be attributed to the ever increasing price level caused by inflationary pressures in the economy. Thus, the government, in collaboration with the countrys central bank should maintain the money supply at optimal levels through selective credit, higher reserve requirements, among others. By and large, this would ensure price stability in the country, thereby reducing the CPI. Conclusion All in all, all factors considered, the Australian economy has been experiencing a relatively favourable economic environment. It should be noted that the economy has exhibited sustained economic growth over the past few years. Even so, there have been instances of unstainable unemployment, CPI levels, and inflation rate. Currently, the economy has great prospects for economic growth and development and is expected to experience expansions over the medium term period. References About Monetary Policy. 2017. [Online] Reserve Bank of Australia. Available at https://www.rba.gov.au/monetary-policy/about.html [Accessed 20 May 2017] Australia - Current account balance (2017). [Online] Trading Economics. Available at https://www.tradingeconomics.com/australia/current-account-balance-bop-us-dollar-wb-data.html[Accessed May 20 2017]. Australia Consumer Price Index (CPI) (2017). [Online] Trading Economics. Available at https://www.tradingeconomics.com/australia/consumer-price-index-cpi[Accessed May 20 2017] Australia GDP Annual Growth Rate (2017). [Online] Trading Economics. Available at https://www.tradingeconomics.com/australia/gdp-growth-annual[Accessed May 20 2017] Australia GDP Growth Rate (2017). [Online] Trading Economics. Available at https://www.tradingeconomics.com/australia/gdp-growth[Accessed May 20 2017] Australia Inflation Rate (2017). [Online] Trading Economics. Available at https://www.tradingeconomics.com/australia/inflation-cpi[Accessed May 20 2017] Australia Inflation Rate (2017). [Online] Trading Economics. Available at https://www.tradingeconomics.com/australia/inflation-cpi[Accessed May 20 2017] Australia Interest Rate (2017). [Online] Trading Economics. Available at https://www.tradingeconomics.com/australia/interest-rate[Accessed May 20 2017] Australian Economy (2017). [Online] Macquarie University. Available at https://libguides.mq.edu.au/content.php?pid=84353sid=4029308 [Accessed May 20 2017] Carmignani, F. (2017). [Online] What is good fiscal policy in Australia? The Conversation. Available at https://theconversation.com/what-is-good-fiscal-policy-in-australia-17589[Accessed May 20 2017] Consumer Price Index Rates (2017). [Online] Australian Government-Taxation Office. Available at https://www.ato.gov.au/Rates/Consumer-price-index/[Accessed May 20 2017] Consumer Price Index, Australia, Mar 2017 (2017). [Online] Australian Bureau of Statistics. Available at from https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/6401.0[Accessed May 20 2017] Consumer Price Index, Australia, Mar 2017 (2017). [Online] Australian Bureau of Statistics. Available at https://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/meisubs.nsf/0/3F1C9E82CA77C321CA257E89001B249E/$File/64010_jun%202015.pdf[Accessed May 20 2017] Dolamore, R. The tools of macroeconomic policya short primer. [Online] Parliament of Australia. Available at https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BriefingBook44p/MacroeconomicPolicy[Accessed May 20 2017] Measures of Consumer Price Inflation (2017). [Online] Reserve Bank of Australia. Available at https://www.rba.gov.au/inflation/measures-cpi.html[Accessed May 20 2017] Monetary Policy (2017). [Online] Reserve Bank of Australia. Available at https://www.rba.gov.au/monetary-policy/[Accessed May 20 2017] Money and Monetary Policy. [Online] ABC. Available at https://www.abc.net.au/news/topic/money-and-monetary-policy[Accessed May 20 2017] Statements on Monetary Policy (2017). [Online] Reserve Bank of Australia. Available at https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/smp/[Accessed May 20 2017] The evolution of fiscal policy in Australia. [Online] Australian Government. https://archive.treasury.gov.au/documents/1033/HTML/docshell.asp?URL=TW_2005-04.htm [Accessed May 20 2017] What is the difference between monetary policy and fiscal policy, and how are they related? (2017). [Online] Board of Governors of the Federal System. Available at https://www.federalreserve.gov/faqs/money_12855.htm [Accessed May 20 2017]

Midsummer Nights Dream Essays (930 words) - Operas,

Midsummer Night's Dream The play "A Midsummer Night's Dream" by William Shakespeare offers a wonderful contrast in human mentality. Shakespeare provides insight into man's conflict with the rational versus emotional characteristics of human behavior. Athens represents the logical side, with its flourishing government and society. The fairy woods represents the wilder, irrational side where nothing seems to follow any sort of structure. The character of Bottom the weaver is a direct reflection of these two worlds. He brings the rational and irrational elements of the play together in several ways. Nick Bottom is indeed one of Shakespeare's most memorable creations. He is first introduced during the casting of "Pyramus and Thisbe"(1.2.253). Bottom is ready to take on anything. He wants to play every part in the play. This can be seen as he says: "An I may hide my face, let me play Thisbe too. I'll speak in a monstrous little voice: ?Thisne, Thisne!'- ?Ah Pyramus, my lover dear, thy Thisbe dear and lady dear'"(1.2.43-45). Further along he states: Let me play the lion too. I will roar that I will do any man's hear good to hear me. I will roar that I will make the Duke say ?Let him roar again; let him roar again'. (1.2.58-60) Clearly, Bottom has complete confidence in his ability to sweep from one end of the emotional scale to the other. Perhaps he feels that playing only one role in the play is constricting and he does not want to limit his talent to one specific person. This is the basis of the difference between him and the lovers. He does not want to feel restricted by anything or anyone, thereby casting aside the idea that loving only one person is possible. As he asks: "What is Pyramus? A lover or a tyrant?" (1.2 17) and shortly thereafter remarks: That will ask some tears in the true performing of it. If I do it, let the audience look to their eyes. I will move stones. I will condole, in some measure. To the rest. ? Yet my chief humor is for the tyrant. I could play'er'cles rarely, or a part to tear a cat in, to make all split. (1.2.19-23) Here he gives us insight into his own personality and almost seems to mock those in love. When he says "let the audience look to their eyes" (1.2.20), he is directly touching on one of the themes in the play: the use of one's eyes in love, which according to Bottom means that people do not use their heads when in love and that it is an emotion merely based on superficialities. Whatever the case may be, it is obvious that he is much more of a lover than a tyrant. Bottom proceeds to show however, that one can love and be a tyrant at the same time. When he is transformed into the ass and shares Titania's bower, it shows his marvelous adaptability to adapt immediately to whatever life offers him. His energetic love of life, good nature and eager innocence obtains him this entrance into the "other world" so different from his own. Perhaps he is not completely incapable of feeling or understanding love. Starting from his position as a "rock-bottom" realist, he can, with the same vigor and joy he brings to whatever he does, respond to this power and believe. The fantastically transformed Bottom, the least likely candidate for the position in the world before his transformation, becomes a participator in the fairy world in the incredible role of being Titania's lover. But we see thus that it was possible after all. He can, in sum, be both a lover and a tyrant yet he knows that being in love is but a passing phase and that at some point, one must face reality again. When Bottom awakens from his "dream", his own manner of reacting to it is the best approach to the experience. Wonder, awe, and a very strong sense of the power beyond man's apprehension are communicated by his words here. "I have had a dream past the wit of man to say what dream it was. Man is but an ass if he go about t'expound this dream" (4.1.200-202). He rightly declares the unfathomability of his "dream" and feels most profoundly its power. He knows that it should be called "Bottom's dream"(4.1.208) for these correct reasons because, like being in love, it had no real substance. Some might argue that Bottom is a domineering, brash, self-centered personality, which would be a direct

buy custom Theoretical and Conceptual Differences essay

buy custom Theoretical and Conceptual Differences essay Theoretical and conceptual differences take a central place in political science. Many theorists argue that it is impossible to create new ideas without theoretical insights and precise concepts. However, different scientists have different concepts. It happens because they observe the world from different perspectives. Their concepts are usually open to interpretation. On the one hand, theory tends to explain phenomena or facts that are widely accepted by scholars. They are used to make predictions. On the other hand, concepts are based on theories that should be tested by a certain theory. When a researcher observes any topic, he/she relies on certain theories. The theory is based on the earlier research. Stewart (2014) notes that any theory consists of ideas and models. It is a cornerstone of research and helps the researcher to view the subject he/she is researching. The conceptual framework helps the researcher to establish a personal point of view of the following problem using appropriate literature. The researcher uses the conceptual framework to gain inquiry about the subject. This conceptual framework summarizes different variables and connection between them. The theoretical framework clarifies a conceptual framework and identifies the clarity of the entire research. According to Younkins, theoretical framework helps a researcher to use i nformation in the research (Younkins, 2002). Furthermore, it allows to use correct information researching the subject. The researcher asserts that the conceptual framework provides a researcher with main ideas and directions for the research (Stewart, 2014). Therefore, it prevents a researcher from going in a wrong direction or using any other information. The conceptual framework allows a researcher to work effectively and prevents a researcher from employing wrong methods and tools. Younkins (2002) argues that a research has many perspectives and a researcher should identify the main points because he/she cannot observe the topic from all perspectives. To be successful, a researcher should make up a logical structure of the research topic and focus on main points of the research. These points may be theoretical or conceptual. A theoretical framework is larger in scope than a conceptual one. The conceptual framework reflects the researchers ideas, while the theoretical framework helps the researcher to create concepts and ideas. A theoretical framework is tested by other researchers and is proved as valid. The conceptual framework is not as stable as the theoretical one. Any theory reflects general relationship of things. However, it misses a direction of the research. The conceptuual framework provides these directions and underlines tools and methods of the research. Younkins (2002) states that the theoretical framework is larger in scope than the conceptual one. Different people may have different concepts though using similar theories. As a rule, people have different concepts due to their mental activity. Theoretical frameworks exist regardless of conceptual differences. Many scholars argue that a researcher should be able to formulate conceptual frameworks before starting the research (Stewart, 2014). This will serve as a guide in the process of work. To conduct an effective research, it is important to read much and learn how to make a synthesis of literature in order to create a proper conceptual framework of the topic. In conclusion, it should be mentioned that in order to conduct a research, it is important to understand differences between theoretical and conceptual frameworks. In my opinion, investigating these differences allows to make an efficient research from the scientific perspective. It has become obvious that any theory should be proved by specific concepts. While investigating the topic, I should use certain theories and find my tools and methods to prove them. It is impossible to create new ideas without theoretical insights and precise concepts. Buy custom Theoretical and Conceptual Differences essay

Free Online Public Schools for Washington Students

Free Online Public Schools for Washington Students The state of Washington offers resident students the opportunity to take online public school courses for free. These online programs may serve elementary or high school students. The list was built of schools that were found to meet the following criteria: classes must be available completely online, they must offer services to state residents, and they must be funded by the government. The virtual schools listed may be charter schools, state-wide public programs, or private programs that receive government funding. List of Washington Online Charter Schools and Online Public Schools Insight School of Washington: This program is available for grades 9-12. Its designed to help high school students stay in school and earn a diploma. The program includes weekly contact with teachers and advisors. Students can explore career and college options. It is a free public school.Internet Academy: This was Washingtons first online public school, funded by the Federal Way School District. It has courses for grades K-12. Washington state students have tuition waived and may take up to five full courses, which is considered full-time. Students may also be enrolled at a building school, but a tuition fee will be charged when the student is taking more than five courses combined between the building and Internet Academy.IQ Academy WashingtonWashington Virtual Academies: Available for K-12. WAVA offers individualized education that is tailored for each student. They are a public school. They offer language arts, math, history, art, and physical education as the core curriculum. Th ey provide all of the textbooks and instructional materials needed. The program is self-paced and as flexible as it can be under state law. School outings and social events are scheduled as well. About Online Charter Schools and Online Public Schools Many states now offer tuition-free online schools for resident students under a certain age (often 21). Most virtual schools are charter schools; they receive government funding and are run by a private organization. Online charter schools are subject to fewer restrictions than traditional schools. However, they are reviewed regularly and must continue to meet state standards. Some states also offer their own online public schools. These virtual programs generally operate from a state office or a school district. State-wide public school programs vary. Some online public schools offer a limited number of remedial or advanced courses not available in brick-and-mortar public school campuses. Others offer full online diploma programs. A few states choose to fund â€Å"seats† for students in private online schools. The number of available seats may be limited and students are usually asked to apply through their public school guidance counselor. Choosing a Washington Online Public School When choosing an online public school, look for an established program that is regionally accredited and has a track record of success. Be wary of new schools that are disorganized, are unaccredited, or have been the subject of public scrutiny. For more suggestions on evaluating virtual schools see how to choose an online high school.

Do you agree more with the philosophies of Martin Luther King or Essay - 1

Do you agree more with the philosophies of Martin Luther King or Malcom X - Essay Example His father was murdered during the burning of his house, an action executed by the Klu Klux Klan. His family got split later when his mother was caught in a nervous breakdown. These unforgettable and traumatic experiences during the early years of his life left their mark on his life till late. Malcolm X’s motivation partly originates in his deep desire for revenge. Both leaders had good oratory skills and used hard-hitting and powerful speeches to convey, clarify, and spread their messages across the audience, though they differed in their styles of delivery of message and the underlying purposes. Early life experiences of Martin Luther King and Malcolm X played an important role in shaping their distinct responses to racism in America. While both Martin Luther King and Malcolm X are identified as the towering icons of the modern culture of African Americans and have great influence on the black Americans today, comparison of both the leaders reveals that the attitude of Martin Luther King was more positive as compared to that of Malcolm X as Martin Luther King believed that the blacks can achieve equal status in America as whites by conducting peaceful arguments and demonstrations. The despair of Malcolm X about life showed in his pessimistic and fanatic belief that the blacks can never achieve equal status in America as whites because of the lack of moral conscience in the whites. Martin Luther King based his ideas upon an integrationalist philosophy that imparts a need and possibility for the blacks and whites to live together in an atmosphere of peace and harmony in Ameri ca; â€Å"Yet Kings nonviolent opposition to racism, militarism, and economic injustice had deeper roots and more radical implications than is commonly appreciated† (Jackson). On the other hand, the doctrines supported by Malcolm X were separatist and nationalist. For most of his life, Malcolm X held the

Syria Revolution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Syria Revolution - Research Paper Example Being a democratic republic under the power of President Bashar Al- Asad together with his advisors, members of the ruling party, his ministers, the president made major decisions and was also in charge of the ruling party. Together with his party leaders, the president governs all the three branches of government , he was given the mandate to rule the country for his second term of seven years in a â€Å"yes or no† referendum that was unfair in the eyes of human rights advocates both locally and internationally. Military was deployed to bring to an end the uprising hence using firearms on the demonstrators across the country, this lead to an armed rebellion which comprised of volunteer civilian and defected solders from the government. According to the report of the United Nations released on September 2013, more than one hundred and twenty thousand died in the process while thousands of protestors are rotting in jail and there are reports of terror and torture in the state p risons. The Syrian government is given reinforcement by Russia and Iran, while Saudi Arabia and Qatar supports the rebels with weapon. The reason for the uprising started when President Bashar al-Assad came to power in the year two thousand immediately after his father Hafez dead, who had lead Syria since 1970. This dictatorial system of government had only one party system which left few means for political differences, the nation had no peaceful transfer of power since 1950 and for change to take place only a military coup or an uprising was to take place, because the mercies of the country felt oppressed, humiliated and deprived their right to have the leader of their own choice. The Ba’ath party was regarded as the initiator of the â€Å"Arab socialism† that tried to merge the state leading economy with Pan –Arab nationalism; the ideology of the Baathist was reduced to nothing, this was facilitated by damaging its reputation by making its economy to became w eak and losing the wars against Israel. The reforms of the vestige socialism made the doors wide open to personal venture enhancing and broadening consumerism along with the upper and middle classes and neglecting those favored with links to the Assad government, by this uneven economy was created which latter triggered the uprising as the cost of living got high and job became scarce (Anon 1). Persistent drought devastated farming in the north eastern Syrian community which totally relied on farming lead thousand of Syrian people to suffer hunger, due to lack of stability in the Syrian government more than a million suffered since 2008, by this many individuals from the hit area went to urban in search of their daily bread, lack of employment in town led them to become frustrated ending up in mushrooming of slums. This population was angered by lack of help from their government and this fueled anger and hate of their mother country hence being eager to over throw their government. Rapidly growing population lead to the emergence of young and energetic people in the nation, due to lack of employment this created a demographic time bomb in the country which was to explode anytime. Lack of productive public sector as

Speech and racism in colonial literature Essay Example for Free

Speech and racism in colonial literature Essay As Dennis Leary said, racism isn’t born, it is taught. Racism is a weapon able to denigrate and dehumanize people. â€Å"Racism has always been present in colonization especially soon after the Europeans colonized the New World, the idea of racial distinctions developed† (LaRocque). Still until today, the colonial attitude especially towards black people is due because of economic power. Many postcolonial novels show themes such as racism, abuse of power, violence and speech to show the perspective of both sides of the conflict; the black and the white. Literature is a gift because it allows people to shape their perspectives of the world. In the novels Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe and Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad readers are able to see the postcolonial literature perspective in similar stories from different sides. This essay will analyze speech in Heart of Darkness and Things Fall Apart in order to prove how Achebe’s novel exposes the racism found in Heart of Darkness. Stories are important because they shape a person’s mind by influencing their lives. Stories arise out of a person’s belief and therefore cannot be disproven (â€Å"Comparing†). These both novels through stories portray issues in different societies and its complexity. Things Fall Apart is an amazing novel that shows the life of the Igbo tribe in Nigeria, Africa. The novel surrounds the main character Okonkwo, a tragic hero who refuses to accept the fate of his dead father but rather self-preserves himself. Through Okonkwo many themes are portrayed dealing with violence, masculinity and the importance of religion for the Igbo tribe. Achebe’s novel shows in detail this society and thus the complexity of their way of living. Lgbo people are hardworking, religious, obedient and follow the calendar based on harvesting. This points the set of beliefs and systems that indigenous people of Africa have developed for their life’s (â€Å"Use†). Achebe also displays the role of men and women in society and how women are assign unimportant roles being men the power in the Igbo society. The importance of speech in the novel is prioritized as the author uses Igbo language thus creating a distinctive African story. It shows an image of Africa before colonialism changed it (â€Å"Use†). In the other hand, Josephs Conrad’s novella acts more as a criticism comparing the civilized and the uncivilized. This shows the power of the white Europeans on their colonization in Africa. As its title, it shows the darkest side of humans by brutality and racism. The novella starts in the Nellie at the Thames River when the captain Charlie Marlow starts to narrate his stories about how he entered to Africa and his experiences. Marlow has always have passion for maps, exploring and adventure that is what begins his journey to a new and mysterious world; Africa. Through his stories we see the complexity of the African jungle and how this place influences the characters. The only thing that inspires and drives Marlow is his desire to meet Kurtz, an admirable and respected agent. Through his experiences we can see the racism towards the black people and how European colonizers treated them. By the actions of many characters we perceive the ivory smuggling, the ambition of power and money and the evil hidden in the jungle. Therefore it shows darkness behind inhumanity and injustice to others. How this darkness is so powerful that can destroy others and the person itself (Conrad). In both novels we see the importance of speech. Speech acts as a symbol of racism and the distance of language. In Things Fall Apart speech is very important as Achebe uses lgbo words in the novel. â€Å"By incorporating Igbo words, rhythms, language and concepts into an English text about his culture, Achebe goes a long way to bridge a cultural divide† (â€Å"Language†). This shows the complexity of the African culture and the misunderstanding between cultures. In this case being the lgbo culture and the ones of the colonists. Therefore Achebe’s incorporation of Igbo words makes his novel even more realistic because it gives the Africans a voice. It also allows the reader to learn more about its culture by understanding the meaning of these words. We also see how organized and specific the dialect is relying on the rules to address to people. These words don’t make the reading harder but rather they make it more interesting basing on its context and how they are used. Also these words are crucial for the novel because if they are translated to English they might lose their concept. â€Å"To provide an authentic feel for lgbo culture would be impossible without also allowing proverbs to play a significant role in the novel† (â€Å"Language†). We can see how oral is important for the culture as there is plenty communication. In lgbo tribes messages are carried orally; stories, songs and tales told from families and basically the whole culture relies on oral tradition, never losing the uniqueness of their dialect. It also proves how this culture is much more complex than it seems as there are many different languages within the 9 villages. It shows how two cultures come together as the novel being written in English but never losing the lgbo words. This also represents how certain aspects of cultures are never going to be understood because they are too complex for each other. Achebe plays with words carefully and allows readers to feel part in the story as these words play an importance in the emotions of the reader. â€Å"Achebe’s introduction of new forms and language into a traditional (Western) narrative structure to communicate unique African experiences forever changed the definition of world literature† (â€Å"Language†). In contrast, in the novella Heart of Darkness speech is represented as silent. Silence marks the distance between the white colonizers and the African. Conrad is not giving speech to the Africans but rather marking the big space of the misunderstanding of cultures. â€Å"Here, the human is perceived to have no language, only a physical space and the surrounding nature support this with the muting darkness and unknowing silence along the riverbanks† (Lerch). This is a major issue because without speaking there is no understanding or knowledge. Language allows people to learn from each other, communication is fundamental. This boundary leads to know people only by their physical in the case of the natives, one of the major causes of stereotypes and racism. â€Å"Speech suddenly proved inadequate for Conrad’s purpose of letting the European glimpse the unspeakable carving in their hearts† (Achebe). This acts as a symbol of power and superiority from part of the colonizers that can speak and hold the control. Natives are not given voice, opinion or the right to express themselves. The crash of cultures brings conflicts to the both sides as any of them know each other’s language. There is a constant absent of noise and only the sound of darkness fills it up. Even though speech is silent in the natives, it plays an important and effective role in the story and characters in the novella. From the beginning the history is told from Marlow’s stories and experiences that he’s telling to the other members of the Nellie. â€Å"In western society, silence is something to be filled. â€Å"Language is a euphemism, a saving life for all the Europeans† (Lerch). Marlow’s communication forms part of the Chinese box technique that is the story inside another story. His expressions, detailed descriptions, images and emotions transport us to the past, to the heart of darkness. Speech according to characters is seen in various ways, from much too little speak. This represents the personal importance of speech for each character and how it varies depending on the personality and interest of the character. For example speech in Kurtz is represented as insanity because of the lack of understanding and isolating from society (â€Å"Heartâ€Å"). However it is positively as it is the link Kurtz has with the natives that is what brings him closer to them and therefore being recognized as the leader of the jungle. In addition, this two novels use speech as a crucial and important aspect but they represent different things. As Eric Parslow said, race is a lazy minds tool for identifying culture. In both novels racism is a theme that stands out. Racism is portrayed differently and is used to explain main issues found in both novels. Many critics talk about if in the novel Things Fall Apart there is racism or not. I personally think racism is not found in this novel but rather is misunderstood as Chinua Achebe is criticizing humanity and the inhuman actions done by colonizers to tribes of Africa. The Igbo culture in his novel is shown to the reader before colonization occurs. This helps the reader to have a better understanding on the effect of colonization and how it can tear cultures apart, by pieces. By the arrival of white colonizers in town we see how Achebe wants to point the Europeans desire of ambition, conquest, violence and racism towards the African cultures. Societies are torn apart and colonizers think they have the power to erase their culture foundation and implement theirs. â€Å"The westerners tool the foundations of the indigenous people’s society and ways of living and left them with nothing. They also began â€Å"reformation of the native’s minds, by assigning the mark of the negative to everything African and the positive to everything European† (â€Å"Things†). Achebe’s novel is in fact a write back to Conrad as the racism and cruelty he found on the novel. Achebe wants the reader to see the other perspective from the side of the natives. Therefore, he is showing things as they were and those descriptions and actions might be perceived as racist. There is a quote in the book that says: The white man is stupid, he is fit to be a slave† (Ward). This quote is racist however you can’t say the whole novel is racist because of one quote. In order for a novel to be racist, the whole book needs to reflect this. In contrast Conrad’s novella Heart of Darkness is still being much critiqued as Africa is portrayed as a primitive place where much racism and violence is held towards the natives (â€Å"Things†). This novel portrays the other side of the story, the perspective from Marlow, a white European. By this we can see how Africa is seen as a different world where the natives are uncivilized and lack intelligence. â€Å"We are accustomed to look upon the shackled form of a conquered monster, but there you could look at a thing monstrous and free† (Achebe). Conrad through the character Marlow uses words as black, monsters, uncivilized to refer to the natives. Although Conrad’s descriptions, imagery, metaphors and similes are very powerful and descriptive some are racist against the natives. The arrival of the Europeans show the power they have and how they believe they can claim for resources and the land that is not there’s. As said before, silence endures in the novella as natives have no speech symbolizing the misunderstanding of cultures. â€Å"The outcome is seen in western author’s postcolonial literature by deceptions of unknown groups of people as savages or primitive. When in reality the author has no understanding of the group of people being presented† (â€Å"Things†). As said before natives of Africa in Conrad’s novella are portrayed as uncivilized people, being this an irony. The colonizers are not civilized because of the horrible and racist actions they perform. Due to the complexity of the space they are surrounded they lose their morals. The jungle is a character due to its power to change people. This is also the reason why the colonizers changed and became the uncivilized ones because of their ambition for power. Therefore, Conrad’s novella can be considered as racist but it is very important to remember that the story is told from the other side. As Bob Dylan said â€Å"Dont criticize what you cant understand.† Both of these novels are important for literature in the world. Each one has different objectives and messages. Differences relies on the context and perspective they are being told. Things Fall Apart and Heart of Darkness deal with the big theme of colonization. What’s interesting about them is that we can see both sides of the story and by this form our criteria. I believe it is very important to see the two faces of an issue in order to understand it. However, I consider that you can fully understand something if you have lived it. A person will always have his opinion towards something but will never truly understand it. To criticize a book, that person must have been part of the story and the context that is being told. Therefore we can’t say Heart of Darkness or Things Fall Apart is racist if we have not experienced colonization in that context. Both authors are showing readers the perspective from which is being told, so that the reader can have both sides of the story and form their criteria about the complex theme of colonization on the tribes of Africa. Works Cited Achebe, Chinua. An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrads Heart of Darkness' Massachusetts Review. 18. 1977. Rpt. in Heart of Darkness, An Authoritative Text, background and Sources Criticism. 1961. 3rd ed. Ed. Robert Kimbrough, London: W. W Norton and Co., 1988, pp.251-261 Comparing Things Fall Apart and Heart of Darkness. 123HelpMe.com. 20 Oct 2012 http://www.123HelpMe.com/view.asp?id=11427. Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. The Norton Anthology: English Literature. General Ed. Stephen Greenblatt. 8th Ed. New York: Norton, 2006. 1891-1947. Heart of Darkness Theme of Language and Communication. Shmoop. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Oct. 2012. http://www.shmoop.com/heart-of-darkness/language-communication-theme.html. LaRocque, Emma. Racism and Colonization. Aboriginal Perspectives. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2012. http://www3.nfb.ca/enclasse/doclens/visau/index.php?mode=theme.

The Concept of Mentorship Essay -- Health Care, Nursing

In the following assignment the author will critically explore, discuss, reflect upon and evaluate mentorship within clinical nursing placements. With particular reference to learning disabilities and respite care, the author will look at the needs and benefits of mentorship, as well as the problems and constraints, especially being in such a specialised service. The author will explore the area of orientation, looking at why it is such an important aspect of the whole placement area. Once these aspects have been explored, the author will go on to discuss the placement, the problems that have been encountered throughout and the ways in which these can be addressed effectively, to ensure that they are reduced and expelled as much as possible. Any names and places used throughout the assignment have been changed to ensure anonymity and maintain confidentiality at all times, adhering to data protection. The concept of mentorship was originally introduced in the 1970s in America. It was fully embraced and bought over to the UK as a formal support system in the late 1980s (Learning Disability Practice, 2006, 9, 3, 16-18). At that time, nursing was predominately carried out by females. It was these females that identified the lack of, and need of a formal support system within the profession. The role of mentorship has been explored by many authors and theorists since the introduction of it into the nursing profession. In 1982, Zwolski stated that 'mentorship is seen as a broader, longer term relationship, aimed at guiding the student towards an established place in the profession'. This was later backed up by Armitage and Burnard in 1991, arguing that 'a deeper understanding of the role and functions associated with a ... ...iable. (www.NursingTimes.net 2008) Under the NMC guidelines, standards to support learning and assessment (2006), all nurses must mentor at least 2 students every 3 years. However not all nurses have acquired the knowledge, skills and attributes required to be an effective mentor. (NMC 2006). The Royal College of Nursing (RCN) discovered that the main reason for a student to have an inadequate placement is the lack of access to mentors, due to sickness, annual leave or other reasons. This consequently leads to a lack of consistency when setting goals, reviewing progress and assessing learning objectives at the final interview (RCN). Other reasons include short staffing – leading to overstretched staff not having time for students, being left to learn for themselves, thus meaning students aren't given the opportunities to learn and expand upon their experiences.

History: the ancient world Essay

The region occupied by the ancient Aztec and Maya, now commonly referred to as Mesoamerica, is an area encompassing Southern and eastern Mexico, all of Guatemala, Belize an El Salvador, western and southern Honduras and the Pacific side of central America as far as the Nicoya Peninsula of Costa Rica. On the other hand, Egypt is located at the Northern part of Africa, along the Mediterranean ocean. Despite the distance between the geographical location of the two, history shows several similarities in their cultures. Ancient Mesoamerican people and the Egyptians shared a series of cultural traits; among the most striking of the two calendars of 260 and 365 days that perpetuate in a great cycle approximating fifty two years, language similarities, similar methods of construction, specifically the pyramids. There are also other similarities in their ways of life such as trading and farming among many others. Although the people inhibiting the Mesoamerica area were of many distinct cultures, often speaking mutually unintelligible languages, none the less, there was widespread contact over millennia through migrating, trade, conquest and pilgrimage. The interest in Egyptian and the Mesoamerican archeology arose in the beginning of the 19th century. It was intertwined with important local and global social political developments. Below is a discussion on some of the areas of similarity in the Egyptian and the Mesoamerican cultures. Similarities in the Egyptian and the Mesoamerican pyramids There is also a similarity in the methods of construction of the pyramids by the two cultures, based on the concept of externally oriented architecture. It is believed that the Egyptian pyramids often had temples placed at the summit of the pyramids, just as houses had been built on top of masonry platforms. For example, in the Puuc style, the stone temple facades resembled the design of the tied twig walls of the Maya house. The tendency of the early stone architecture to imitate reed or wood construction was also seen in the early Egypt. In Zozer’s pyramid complex at Saqqara, stone pillars were carved in the shape of the bundles of papyrus or the palm trees that had been used as supports in the palaces at that time. Many of the features of the Egyptian pyramids are found in the pyramids of Mesoamerica. At Uximal the pyramid complex was enclosed by a wall as were those of Egypt. Chichen Itza was also a walled city of 30 square kilometer with 7 paved roads, or sacheob, several kilometers long connecting important sites. The paved road between Uxmal and Kabah was 18 km long. These roads or sacheob, resemble the Egyptian pyramid causeways, although their geography was different. Differences in the pyramids Differences in the Egyptian and the American pyramids have already been noted, although some of them are more apparent than real. There are the differences as a result of time and function. It is said that the famous Egyptian pyramids were built before the year 2000, and the classic pyramids of Maya pyramids came 300 years after. However, history says that the Kushite revival of pyramids c-700 coincides with the construction of the early Olmec pyramids at La Venta. The pyramids of Egypt were conceived as tombs, playing an important part in the religion of the Egyptians. It has been admitted that the Mesoamerican pyramids were also important in their religion. However, the difference with the Mesoamerican pyramids is that never served as tombs, but were used for another reason. The famous Palenque is proving that at least some pyramids served as tombs in America, but for the important people of the society. There is no doubt that there was a difference in the precise religious function of the Egyptian and the Mesoamerican pyramids, although the exact purpose of the pyramids is contradictory. Also, there have been no claims to identify the composition and the construction methods of the pyramids. Whereas the Americans made extensive use of small stones, cement and stucco, the Egyptians used much larger stones while sparingly using the mortar. Astronomy and the calendar In both the Egyptian and the Mesoamerican complexes, the astronomical orientation played an important role. Both the Mesoamerican and the Egyptian civilizations had developed scientific calendars, as was common to all the agricultural societies. For this reason, they paid close attention to the solar and the lunar cycles. In Mesoamerica, close attention was given to the Venus cycle, which helped shape the calendar. Unlike the classical Greeks, the Maya knew that the morning and the evening stars were the same heavenly body (Venus). The Mesoamericans calculated that an 8-year solar cycle equaled a 5-year Venus cycle. Although the Mesoamericans knew that the solar year was a little over 365 days, they also made extensive use of a 260 day cycle which had no parallel in the Egyptian calendar. The Egyptians, on the other hand, had studied all the visible constellations in developing their star clocks. A different star was chosen every ten days (the Egyptian week) as the new decan star to mark the last hour of the night. The modern time measurement of 12 hours of day and 12 hours of night measurement had its own origin in the ancient Egypt. They had also developed a constant civil calendar of 365 days. However, the Egyptian calendar, with an early development of 4241 was far more ancient than that of Mesoamerica. Language similarity The precise history of the of the ancient languages of the people of Egypt and Mesoamerica remains a mystery even up to today, and the origin of the two cultures is also uncertain. The reason for the demise of the cultures of the people of Maya is uncertain, but the tragic devastation of the Aztec culture is all too well known. Although there is limited evidence, a number of scholars have suspected that these two regions, although from different parts of the world have come into contact between themselves during the ancient times. However, it has been denied that the encounter between these two cultures was a prolonged one. Other scholars have suggested that there could be a possibility that these two cultures never came into contact at all. Despite the contradictions among the scholars, the similarities between these two cultures are major and cannot be ignored. There is an assumption that the Egyptians and the Mesoamericans shared a common language which made it possible to exchange the ideas. The reasoning behind the similarities between the two languages is that there must have been contact between people from the two regions. There are many similarities in the linguistic correspondences between the two languages, which remove the possibility of just a contact between the Egyptians and the Mesoamericans. The possibility of a spontaneous coincidence has also been ruled out, because of the existence of similar sounds and meanings in some words. Application of Mathematics Mathematics was also developed at quite a high level in both cultures. This shows that they were able to make measurements during the construction of the pyramids, and also in other areas that could have required the application of mathematics. Today, it is clear that the Mesoamerican arithmetic is readily adaptable to the operations of multiplication and division as well as the simpler addition and subtraction operation. The difference in the numbering systems of the two cultures was that the Egyptian numbering system was additive, base 10, making extensive use of fractions and did not have a symbol for zero. On the other hand, the Mesoamerican system used base 20, was positional, was the first to invent a symbol for zero but as far as history shows, it did not use fractions. There are no detailed records of the Mesoamerican written materials, due to an order that was given by the Spanish authorities to burn down all Native American books. The Mesoamerican and the Egyptian writings were both rooted in their own separate cultures and iconography. It is not known if the first use of the paper in Mesoamerica received an impulse from Africans who were already familiar with papyrus writing materials. Several plant materials were used by the Maya of Mesoamerica to make â€Å"paper†. The famous maguey cactus and the amatl tree from which â€Å"amate† is made are some of the materials that were used to write on. Materials from the tree were soaked, washed, pounded, cut into small pieces and pounded again, a process that is not so different from that of making the papyri. Farming activities Both the Egyptians and the Mesoamericans relied on agriculture for food. During the early years, the Maya of Mesoamerica started civilizing. They built small radiating canal systems in a low rainfall area of the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico, which is assumed to have been used to irrigate crops. Irrigation was so important, as more than 85% of all the farming in Mesoamerica relied on canal irrigation. In Egypt, farming was common along river Nile. Irrigation was at first done through the over flooding water from the river at the farms along the river. Later on, they adopted the method of fetching water and pouring it directly to the crops, which was later on replaced with the digging of canals to redirect the water to the farms. Trade in Egypt and Mesoamerica Due to the farming activities along the river Nile, the people of Egypt engaged themselves in trading activities amongst themselves. They then upgraded to trading with the people of Mesopotamia, and later on with those from the kingdom of Kush towards the South. There are historians who believe that the Egyptian picture writing, or hieroglyphics, was developed from Sumerian cuneiform as a result of trade contracts with Mesopotamia. In Mesoamerica, long distance trade first developed in Maya. The first of these was a shift in the bulk of east west commerce from the ancient pre classic trade routes along the Pacific coastal plain and the coast of Yucatan to the central-Maya routes through the highlands and, more important, along the rivers across the lowlands. The second development was the emergence of a new Mesoamerican power centre at Teotihuacan, which was able to re-unify the long distance trade network during the early classic period. The trade differences in the two societies could be as a result of the differences in the goods traded by the two societies. Although they all specialized in farming practices, they planted different crops, which they used as trading commodities. Conclusion There are many similarities between the Mesoamericans and the Egyptians. Although it is not clear to any historians how these similarities came to be, the possibility of a mere coincidence in the cultures has been out ruled. This essay has highlighted some of the some of the areas of similarity such as the pyramids, the calendars, farming activities and trade, to prove a relation in the cultures of the Mesoamericans and the Egyptians. However, more research needs to be done to prove how these people from difference continents came to adopt such similar cultures. Future research should also focus on finding out whether there are other ways of life that the two cultures shared. Reference 1) Jerry H. Bentley, Herbert F. Ziegler, â€Å"Traditions and Encounters†, 4th edition, Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2008. ISBN 978-0-07-333062-4

Deborah tannens the argument culture Essay

In Deborah Tannen’s article â€Å"The Argument Culture,† she states that argument and debate â€Å"urge us to approach the world, and the people in it, in an adversarial frame of mine.† She calls this new norm of society â€Å"The argument culture†. The argument culture â€Å"rests on the assumption that opposition is the best way to get anything done†. Tannen uses the metaphor of an arguing spouse to convey the idea that society needs act more like a married couple to find a more constructive way to settle conflict rather than having a quarrel about every little disagreement it stumbles upon. Tannen believes that while sometimes it is necessary to defend yourself against offensive ideas, it is not morally correct to approach any issue or person in a hostile manner without reason. In the argument culture, society has only been taught to observe two sides of a story, which automatically sets up a debate where one side is pitted against the other. Tannen continues to declare how more and more communication is not face to face due to the Internet, which gives people a screen to protect their identity after saying whatever they please. She believes that the argument culture has a major impact on our lives and on our culture. Tannen states that the argument culture â€Å"makes us distort facts, waste valuable time, limits our thinking, and encourages us to lie.† Tannen asserts that â€Å"smashing heads does not open minds,† and that while conflict is not something we can avoid, it is something our culture needs to get under control. To avoid the automatic use of adversarial formats – the assumption that the best way to address a conflict is to fight about it – Tannen concludes that we as a culture should become more open to observing all sides of the argument (rather than just two), and to expand the world of debate in a more creative way rather than pervading it with negativity.

Free Essays on Theatre

Youth theatre is described as a performance whose main purpose is to enrich the audience’s lives in some way during the course of the production. â€Å"How Da B-52 cockroach learned to fly† is an excellent example of a performance for youth theatre. The play is based on an award-winning children’s book by Lisa Matsumoto. Although the book was written for a younger audience, both children and adults alike find humor and educational value in â€Å"How Da B-52 Learned to Fly.† With the help of exuberant performers, unique props and a creative set, the story of how the B-52 cockroach was a successful example of what youth theater should be. The play is centered on Kimo the cockroach and his brothers. The play is done in story form with two narrators, one who is telling the story and the other who is listening and asking questions about the major characters. The major conflict that Kimo encounters is trying to fit in and gain acceptance amongst the rest of the insects in the insect kingdom. The insects all view the cockroaches as being lazy with no good traits that could help out there society. Kimo travels through out the insect kingdom in search of a task that he and his brothers could do to gain respect and be accepted into the animal kingdom. Kimo and his brothers try to do all kinds of tasks like be movers with the ants, or deconstruct workers with the termites but they are never really able to pull off those tasks. Kimo comes close to giving up because it seems as though there is nothing that they can do to help the insect kingdom. In the end Kimos persistence pays off he is given wings and he and his brothe rs create there team of human attackers and for all there hard work the queen bee honors them. Dialogue of the play is almost entirely spoken in pidgin. The story is told from a young girl to a boy. By making pidgin the dominant language it made the play unique. When I think of plays, I usually think of Shakespe... Free Essays on Theatre Free Essays on Theatre Youth theatre is described as a performance whose main purpose is to enrich the audience’s lives in some way during the course of the production. â€Å"How Da B-52 cockroach learned to fly† is an excellent example of a performance for youth theatre. The play is based on an award-winning children’s book by Lisa Matsumoto. Although the book was written for a younger audience, both children and adults alike find humor and educational value in â€Å"How Da B-52 Learned to Fly.† With the help of exuberant performers, unique props and a creative set, the story of how the B-52 cockroach was a successful example of what youth theater should be. The play is centered on Kimo the cockroach and his brothers. The play is done in story form with two narrators, one who is telling the story and the other who is listening and asking questions about the major characters. The major conflict that Kimo encounters is trying to fit in and gain acceptance amongst the rest of the insects in the insect kingdom. The insects all view the cockroaches as being lazy with no good traits that could help out there society. Kimo travels through out the insect kingdom in search of a task that he and his brothers could do to gain respect and be accepted into the animal kingdom. Kimo and his brothers try to do all kinds of tasks like be movers with the ants, or deconstruct workers with the termites but they are never really able to pull off those tasks. Kimo comes close to giving up because it seems as though there is nothing that they can do to help the insect kingdom. In the end Kimos persistence pays off he is given wings and he and his brothe rs create there team of human attackers and for all there hard work the queen bee honors them. Dialogue of the play is almost entirely spoken in pidgin. The story is told from a young girl to a boy. By making pidgin the dominant language it made the play unique. When I think of plays, I usually think of Shakespe...

Learn the things, which can make you a respected leader

Learn the things, which can make you a respected leader Traits to Become a Respected Leader Leadership is the trait that can be useful for any modern person, who is a part of any society. It does not matter if you are an employee of a big international company or just a small group of people working together. It will undoubtedly make   you good, if you have the traits of a leader. It does not necessarily mean that these skills are inherent for a manager or a chief; they can be a wonderful supplement for any person within any collective. They will help you to be more productive at work and to coordinate the working process of yourself and of others more efficiently. At any time a job presupposes a team work and cooperation. And the more efficient the colleagues can cooperate, the better result they can eventually bring. A leader is the very person who directs this process of efficient work and controls it. So, being a good leader, you will definitely make your work prosperous, no matter how custom the conditions are. So, below you can find the traits that can make you a respected and appreciated leader within your team. Attentiveness This feature is always of a big value for any person. Being an attentive person means that you can focus on any surrounding things better and thus, perceive the information better. If you are attentive to even minor details, you can better find a solution to any issue in any circumstances. It can also guarantee that any issues can be foreseen and resolved at the initial stage of any project or work. Nice focus on the aim can always ensure that you will reach the goal and will have a success. Communication Communication is an inherent part of cooperation inside any team. Without communicating it is hard to interact and to do something mutually. Mature personal interaction is also a means of better understanding of your colleagues and teammates and having better business and friendly relations inside a team. This process has a great psychological impact on any personnel and influences a lot of things in regard to mutual understanding between people. So, the better you can communicate with others, the more unity you bring to your team. Confidence When you are confident in any situation, it means that you keep the upper hand, ready to cope with any problem. A confident leader brings firmness and stability of the processes in any team. When other colleagues are sure in their manager, it is greatly reflected on the final results and on the very process of the work. If you show confidence, you can easily assure people around you that they will gain what they strive for. Knowledge The more you know, the more options and ways you can have to solve a problem. Knowledge is precious in any kind of activity; it is valuable for anyone under any circumstances. If you have knowledge in what you do, you are a nice specialist and you can be sure that you will gain a success, as you know what to do and how to do it right. Working much and obtaining experience and also gaining knowledge, you become better and more skilled specialist in your job. Having much knowledge, a leader is a respectful source of confidence and trustfulness for all members of the team. Honesty A lie never brings positive results for a good leader. Of course, while interacting with other people, there can be present some small lie, but no mistrust should be present in any team. Indeed, team members should always be able to rely on their leader, trusting him or her all the time. Honest leader is perennially respected by all the subordinates and team members. The above enlightened traits are undoubtedly indispensable for any person, who wants to be a prosperous and respected leader. These character, thinking and behavior qualities will bring you a success and lots of benefits for your work and colleagues around you.

Bluebeard Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bluebeard - Essay Example The plot of the story in the three versions has not changed significantly, although a few differences can be seen in the three stories. For instance, in the story of Mr. Fox, the bride is in love with the man and chooses to go and live with him, although she had many other suitors. In the other two versions, the brides did not voluntarily choose to get married to the man. In Fitcher’s Bird, for example, the ladies would be magically thrown into the poor beggar’s basket when they shook hands, while the young girl in The Robber Bridegroom was married off to the man by her father. Another difference was noted in the characteristics of the bridegroom. Both Mr. Fox and the wizard disguised as a poor beggar were rich and lived in fine houses. The wizard provided the bride with everything that she wished for in terms of material wealth. However, it was on condition that she was not to enter into a special room where he had killed and butchered his previous wives. Unlike the other bridegrooms, the wizard appears to be genuinely looking for a wife because he tells the youngest sister that she has passed the test and would now become his bride. The robber, on the other hand, lived in an eerie house deep in the forest, where he and his friends would take young girls and eat them. Just like Mr. Fox, it is clear he was not interested in having a wife at all. Some aspects of the original story have also changed significantly. The demise of the evil bridegroom is different in most stories although some of them are almost similar such as the story of Mr. Fox and The Robber Bridegroom. The brides discover their inhumane deeds and tactfully report them in front of the guests by pretending that they saw them in their dreams. The use of riddles and figurative language is a common feature in most stories as it makes the story more interesting. It was also commonly used in normal speech among the people during the time when the stories were written. Fairy tales

Roles of Estrogen in Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Roles of Estrogen in Development - Essay Example Most species with two sexes exhibit sexually dimorphic behavior and physical characteristics. New research suggests that the presence of estrogen, specifically estradiol, has an active role in sexual differentiation. Several sexual dimorphic structures in the brain have been observed in laboratory experiments. This study had been performed using male and female rats and had proved the differences in size of corpus callosum between two sexes had existed facilitated by estrogen. Estrogen plays an important role in male reproduction, critical for sustained fertility in some species. Reducing estrogen's interaction with its receptor(s) in monkey and mouse models is associated with reduced sperm motility and, in some cases, documented elimination of sperm fertilizing ability, suggesting that normal epididymal function may be estrogen dependent. The objective of the experiments was to evaluate the effects of reduced endogenous estrogen on development of epididymal function in the pig, a species in which males have very high levels of endogenous estrogen. Furthermore, reducing endogenous estrogen during postnatal development appears to have transient effects on porcine epididymal function. These transient effects suggest that the pig, with its high endogenous estrogen, may respond differently than other species to reduced estrogen synthesis (McCarthy, et al). This particular study provides a viable claim of estrogens importance on development of reproductive sys tem particularly in male specie. The development of the positive feedback of estrogen in normally fed animals and its possible alterations in animals subjected to restricted food intake has been the focus of another study and had indicated that the gonadotropin response to estrogen positive feedback develops gradually and quantitatively as the animal matures and undernutrition-induced delayed puberty is not caused by inability of the hypothalamic-pituitary unit to respond to positive estrogen feedback, but rather to ovarian failure to release estrogen in amounts sufficient to trigger a gonadotropin surge (Ronnekleiv, et al). Another study had determined whether endogenous estrogen, the levels of which increase with advancing pregnancy, regulates growth and development of the baboon fetal adrenal cortex. In the end it propose that estrogen acts directly on the fetal adrenal cortex to selectively repress the morphological and functional development of the fetal zone, potentially as a feedback system to maintain physio logical secretion of estrogen precursors and thus placental estrogen production to promote normal primate fetal and placental development (Albretch, et al). Despite the estrogens' significance on development, some studies apparently speak of its contribution to developmental errors. Evidences have accumulated that exposure to environmental components with estrogenic activity causes reproductive disorders in human populations. Studies conducted over the past 50 years have clearly shown a continual decline in semen quality accompanied by an increase in male reproductive disorders during this period in industrial countries. As healthy gametes are a prerequisite for healthy children, such disorders are a significant problem not only for the current society, but also for future generations. Epidemiological, clinical, and experimental studies have suggested that excessive exposure to estrogens and xenoestrogens during fetal and neonatal

Employee Resourcing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Employee Resourcing - Essay Example Employee resourcing is an important function undertaken by organizations to ensure that they obtain and retain the human capital that they need, for productive employment. This includes aspects of employment practice that relate to welcoming people to the organization, and releasing them if it is necessary to do so. Employee resourcing is a key part of human resource management which "matches human resources to the strategic and operational needs of the organization" (Armstrong, 2003: 347), and ensures the complete utilization of those resources. Its main focus is on selecting and promoting people who fit the culture and the strategic requirements of the organization. Recruitment is the process by which candidates are located and attracted for employment in an organization. The necessary effort and extent of the search is based on the selection rate and the qualifications and skill sets needed for job competence. Companies usually attempt to attract large numbers of candidates, depending on the job and purpose of the recruitment effort. Further, they aim to fill vacancies quickly, select people who will perform well, and hire people who will give sustained and long-term service to the organization (Stahl, 2003: 163).The purpose of this paper is to examine the processes of employee resourcing which include attracting job applicants, recruiting candidates and selecting employees for the workforce; and to discuss the significance of employee resourcing as an important function of the human resource management activities carried out by organizations.... Approaches to Employee Resourcing There are three paradigms or frames of reference that managers can use when undertaking employee resourcing functions. According to the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD), each paradigm may be suitable for a particular situation. The traditional paradigm represents established best practice in employee resourcing activities. The contingency-based paradigm accepts that different approaches to employee resourcing should be used for different types of situations. The new paradigm advocates innovation in the use of employee resourcing strategies according to the situation and needs that arise (Taylor, 2002: 16).As compared to traditional personnel management, human resource management (HRM) emphasizes more on finding people whose attitudes and behaviour are aligned with what management believes to be appropriate and contributive to productivity in the organization's working environment. The HRM approach to employee resourcing believes that matching resources to orga nizational requirements does not simply mean maintaining or ensuring the continuation of the existing conditions; on the other hand, it "promotes radical changes in thinking about the competencies required in the future to achieve sustainable growth and to achieve cultural change" (Armstrong, 2003: 347). The two fundamental questions addressed by HRM resourcing policies are: 1) What kind of people do we need to compete effectively both now and in the future' 2) What do we have to do to attract, develop and keep these people' Attracting Job Applicants and Recruiting Candidates Increased Use of Inside Recruitment Sources: Inside recruitment sources

Wong Kar Wai And Hollywood Cinema Film Studies Essay

Wong Kar Wai And Hollywood Cinema Film Studies Essay The world today is essentially a bifocal world. Filmmakers everywhere are concerned with their own national cinema, and then with Hollywood. The world today is divided into Hollywood and a serious of national cinema. As the most successful and influential Asian cinema outside Japan and India,  [1]  Hong Kong cinema as a transnational cinema, has so successfully emulated Hollywood to the extent that it has now been integrated by Hollywood. In this regard, commercialization and entertainment are what Hong Kong cinema and Hollywood cinema concentrated on. Especially Hong Kong cinema, due to it situates in a democratic and liberal society. The filmmakers have no boundary or limitation in filmmaking. Therefore, they pursue the films aesthetics and entertainment more than the fact of the society. Also, Hong Kong absorbs influences from the West and went on to localize and indigenize foreign cultures. And the community in Hong Kong has a strong link with its traditional Chinese culture, in many aspects had developed its own Hong Kong culture as well. So to speak, Hong Kong cinema has a strong sense of east-west identity. The geography, history and unique cultural identity of Hong Kong inhabitants have inevitably shaped the territorys cinema. Hong Kongs adaptability to change, cultural diversity and cosmopolitan lifestyle has led to a dynamic output of films that portray a distinct Hong Kong psyche.  [2]   The film of Wong Kar-wai attests to this tradition of filmmaking. Wong as the second New Wave of Hong Kong filmmaker who continued to develop the innovative and fresh aesthetic initiated by the original New Wave.  [3]  Since Hong Kongs 1997 handover to China, the local film industry was inclined to art-cinema wing instead of the action (Kung fu) tradition. And Wongs offbeat works got the world recognition even though he stands apart from the mainstream Hong Kong cinema. In the following paragraphs, the argument will be focused on Wong Kar-wais postmodern films in a relationship with Hollywood style. The narrational aspect of plot manipulates story time in specific ways. Jean Epstein summarized the relationship between narrative and time in the classical Hollywood film:  [4]   After dramas supposedly without endings, here is a drama which would be without exposition or opening, and which would end clearly. Events would not follow one another and especially would not correspond exactly. The fragments of many pasts come to bury themselves in a single now. The future mixed among memories. This chronology is what of the human mind. Contemporary Hollywood filmmaker like Quentin Tarantino, for example in his Pulp Fiction (1994, USA) uses the juggle story and plot time in ways that recall the complex flashback of the 1940s. Moreover, the switches in Pulp Fiction are not motivated as characters memories; the audience is forced to puzzle out the purposes served by the time shifts. In some of Wongs film, flashback has another expression. In Wong Kar-wais In the Mood for Love (2000, Hong Kong), the flashback applies to only one conceal scenario which begins with the male protagonist Chow Mo-wan (Leung Chiu-wai)  [5]  finds something is gone in his home, end with he notices there is a lip print on a cigarette. But it doesnt tell us what stuff he missed and who stole it until the coming scene of Su Li-zhen (Maggie Cheung Man-yuk)  [6]  comes (she comes to Chows home before), we realize the complete plotline. Unlike the flashbacks in Pulp Fiction or Reservoir dog (1992, USA) which is merely focuses on the rhetorical disposition of the narrative for the sake of suspense or surprise. Wongs flashback technique is more incline to highlight the aesthetics in actors performance relate to the important scenario. Like this scene, the two protagonists much-loved themes of loneliness, isolation, and longing rise to the surface. David Bordwell summarized the relationship between narrative and space in the classical Hollywood film:  [7]   In making narrative causality the dominant system in the films total form, the classical Hollywood cinema chooses to subordinate space. Most obviously, the classical style makes the sheerly graphic space of the film image a vehicle for narrative. We can see this principle at work negatively in the prohibitions against bad cuts. The important subjects should be in the same general area of the frame for each of the two shots which are to be cut together, but as long as the important subject is not shifted from one side of he screen to the other, no real harm is done. In describing the classical cinemas use of space we are most inclined to use the term transparent, so much does that cinema strive to efface the picture plane. The screen might be likened to a plate-glass window through which the observer looks with one eye at the actual scene. Contemporary Hollywood filmmakers have sometimes explored what has been called the web-of-life plot.  [8]  Instead of two primary lines of action, the tendency of the films pursues a large number of plotlines, often involving many characters. In the 1990s, such films as Quentin Tarantinos Pulp Fiction. The every single plotlines seem completely have nothing to do with another story, but usually they split off and converge from one and another. In Pulp Fiction, there are 3 stories, each one based upon specific characters. And the narratives are circular as well as intersected. The theme of the uncanny and destiny arises ranging from Butch (Bruce Wills) and Vincent (John Travolta), they meet each other for twice. First time they meet in a bar without a direct conversation. In the next time is concerned with Butch goes home for his watch (the only stuff his dead father left him) and comes across Vincent (implicitly come to assassinate Butch) in his toilet then kill him. In this rega rd, the sequence in the whole plotline is mysterious. Despite Vincent is already dead in the previous story, we still see him in the final part of the story in a restaurant with Jules (Samuel L. Jackson). Continue the unfinished story at the beginning. In Wong Kar-wais film, he doesnt follow this Hollywood narrative tradition. In Chungking Express (1994, Hong Kong), Wong creates a new style of narrative causality in space-time which he blends the theme of gangster and romantic-comedy together. This is the apparent feature of post-modern film. Seen from Wongs Chungking Express, it constitutes an intriguing experiment in nonclassical form. It has only about 6 major characters, but it is broken into 2 distinct stories, each organized around a different batch of characters and presented one after the other. Since both male protagonists are lovelorn men and policemen, originally we might expect them to encounter one another, but they never do. Even when the first story finish, everything related to the first story never appears again apart from one same locale. In Chungking Express, the connection between these two stories is they do share one locale: Both Officer 1 (Takeshi Kaneshiro)  [9]  and Officer 2 (Leung Chiu-wai) hang out a t the Midnight Express. Nonetheless, this doesnt connect these two parts. The characters in these two separate plots seem no intersection with each other. Merely the Officer 1 meets Faye Wong  [10]  once in the Midnight Express. Afterwards, the next story starts whereas Officer 1 never appears again in the next narrative. And the second obscure connection is while the mysterious blonde woman (the female protagonist in the first story) lounges outside a shop, Faye (whom we do not meet until part two) leaves with a stuffed toy (perhaps destined for Officer 2s apartment). Apparently, Faye is juxtaposed into these two coincidences by Wongs strategy in order to invite audience to seek the connections and unify the two parts of the film. From Chungking Express, we can see another general style in Wongs filmmaking. First of all, the notion of time is a pervading concept in all of Wongs films. In the first part of Chungking Express, officer 1 obsessively eats cans of pineapple with the expiry date of the 1st of May, for him, May 1st is his girlfriends birthday also its the end of their love. He convinces that everything has an expiry date, including love. However, for the female drug trafficker, May 1st is the end of her life if she could not find the group of Indian who stole her stuff. Indeed, Wongs films may not be directly or overtly political, however there is often an indirect relation to the political via Wongs conveying of a particularly intense experience of the period as an experience of the negative; an experience of some elusive and ambivalent cultural space that lies always just beyond our grasp.  [11]  In addition, Wong always ignores the characters identity, background and family. We just know they c all cop 223 and cop 663. Despite they have a home. We can only see the pineapple cans with expiry date and cop 223s desperation from this place. Cop 663s home is insecure. Faye often invades his home regardless of without aggressiveness. At the same time there is an escalator located beside his home, it is totally exposed in every passerbys eyes when go through it. Therefore Cop 663 lives under the unstable circumstance. Here, implicitly, once again Wong reveals peoples prospective confusion to their own identity related to the forthcoming handover in 1997. Thirdly, not only in Chungking Express, but also in most of his oeuvre, characters affection is the center of the attention. And Wong adores keeping them in the Platonic relationship. Rarely see the sexual scenes in Wongs film but the love between the two characters are aesthetic and pure. In the first part of the story, Officer 1 and the blond woman stay in a room without doing anything. Nevertheless, after Officer 1 leaves then he receives a happy birthday message from the blond woman. Obviously she still remembers May 1st is Officer 1s birthday because he told her last night, despite she gets into the trouble. Through Wongs oeuvre, Hong Kong becomes a metaphor for the characters and their varied existence. It represents an urban pastiche in which individuals struggle to come to terms with a sense of detachment and loneliness despite the territorys high-density population. Wongs endless array of possible scenarios and the navigation of his protagonists internal and external journeys in turn constitute an unravelling and reconfiguring of spatio-temporal constrictions.  [12]  Hong Kongs unique identity with its fusion of Chinese and Western culture and complex history provides opportunities for Wong to reveal and concerns with issues as varied as identity, emotion, future, etc via his frame. To some extent, we can define Wongs cinema is Hollywood in the way of expression such as the crosscutting, jump cuts and fragmented images. But as a poetic auteur, sees him delve into moments that are linked to both history and the personal in Hong Kongs community, whether directly or indirectly. Noti ons of identity and the ever-present fusion between East and West find context in the themes of love, loneliness and alienation that pervade his protagonists. Even though Wong doesnt belong to the mainstream in Hong Kong cinema, his films are never and ever being the foolproof and top grossing films. Nonetheless, we can not deny his contribution to Hong Kong film industry. Filmography Pulp Fiction- Quentin Tarantino, 1994, USA Reservoir Dog- Quentin Tarantino, 1992, USA In the Mood for Love-Wong Kar-wai, 2000, Hong Kong Chungking Express-Wong Kar-wai, 1994, Hong Kong